The flora and vegetation of Samothraki, a small but phytogeographically distinct island in the North Aegean area, are presented in this publication, based on extensive field work conducted by the authors and their colleagues, and by analysis of relevant literature, supplemented by invaluable photographic material. The island of Samothraki still holds a surprisingly great diversity of flora and vegetation in a relatively small area. This botanical treasure is, however, endangered – it has to be cared for now to preserve it for future generations.